Sona Mitra
In
a recent interview with the Swarajya magazine, the Prime Minister of India apparently
said, ‘more than a lack of jobs, the issue is a lack of data on jobs’[1].
For those of us who have been using the National Sample
Survey Organisation (NSSO) data on employment and unemployment for decades now,
such a statement made by the government, come as a surprise. As a researcher I
have been using the NSSO data extensively for the purpose of determining the
employment-unemployment situation of the country for over a decade and have
informed most of my research on women’s work in India based on these data provided
by the NSSO employment-unemployment surveys (EUS).
a recent interview with the Swarajya magazine, the Prime Minister of India apparently
said, ‘more than a lack of jobs, the issue is a lack of data on jobs’[1].
For those of us who have been using the National Sample
Survey Organisation (NSSO) data on employment and unemployment for decades now,
such a statement made by the government, come as a surprise. As a researcher I
have been using the NSSO data extensively for the purpose of determining the
employment-unemployment situation of the country for over a decade and have
informed most of my research on women’s work in India based on these data provided
by the NSSO employment-unemployment surveys (EUS).
The
other sources of data on employment and unemployment available from the
Economic census (establishment surveys), Census of India, Annual Survey of
Industries, the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGET) suffer
from limited coverage and therefore are not representative. The Census although
provides the estimates of workers under the broad categories of rural-urban,
male-female, main-marginal and a few others, once in a decade, it does not
provide detailed information like the household surveys.
other sources of data on employment and unemployment available from the
Economic census (establishment surveys), Census of India, Annual Survey of
Industries, the Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGET) suffer
from limited coverage and therefore are not representative. The Census although
provides the estimates of workers under the broad categories of rural-urban,
male-female, main-marginal and a few others, once in a decade, it does not
provide detailed information like the household surveys.
Unfortunately,
in a recent move by the government, the NSSO-EUS has been officially
discontinued since the last available figures for the 68th Round
(2011-12). It is thus a fact that post 2011-12 we do not have any extensive
information on the labour market situation. If we consider the six rounds of Annual
Employment-unemployment Surveys conducted by the Labour Bureau under the aegis
of the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MOLE) since 2010-11, which have been
somewhat similar in size and methodology to the NSSO-EUSfrom its third round
(2013-14), even those have not been continued after 2015-16.
in a recent move by the government, the NSSO-EUS has been officially
discontinued since the last available figures for the 68th Round
(2011-12). It is thus a fact that post 2011-12 we do not have any extensive
information on the labour market situation. If we consider the six rounds of Annual
Employment-unemployment Surveys conducted by the Labour Bureau under the aegis
of the Ministry of Labour and Employment (MOLE) since 2010-11, which have been
somewhat similar in size and methodology to the NSSO-EUSfrom its third round
(2013-14), even those have not been continued after 2015-16.
These
surveys have been scrapped based on the recommendations of a task force headed
by economist and former head of NITI Aayog, Shri Arvind Panagariya. It has been pointed out that since
the surveys are carried over a period of one year and are made available at a
lag of another year, it makes the data lose its relevance and desirability for
informing policy-making as it is unable to take into cognizance the rapid
changes taking place in the economy. It has also been pointed out that the
NSSO-EUS is a low frequency data since it is carried out only once in five
years and hence is unable to inform policy at regular intervals. The committee
has recommended developing a data system that would be replacing the existing
surveys, and would be addressing the issues of representation, periodicity, timeliness
and hence reliability of the data[2].
surveys have been scrapped based on the recommendations of a task force headed
by economist and former head of NITI Aayog, Shri Arvind Panagariya. It has been pointed out that since
the surveys are carried over a period of one year and are made available at a
lag of another year, it makes the data lose its relevance and desirability for
informing policy-making as it is unable to take into cognizance the rapid
changes taking place in the economy. It has also been pointed out that the
NSSO-EUS is a low frequency data since it is carried out only once in five
years and hence is unable to inform policy at regular intervals. The committee
has recommended developing a data system that would be replacing the existing
surveys, and would be addressing the issues of representation, periodicity, timeliness
and hence reliability of the data[2].
In
the meantime, due to a lack of statistics on employment and unemployment,
several sources have been explored by some research commissioned by the
government, to get an idea of the employment situation, which included using
the information from the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO),
Employees’ State insurance (ESI), State Employment Registers and so on. As
these sources are entirely based on self-reporting mechanisms and are not
survey-based information, it fails to provide any adequately reliable
information on the current situation. Much has already been written to identify
the problems of over or underestimation associated with such sources[3]. In
fact, by making such figures public, the overall context of the debate and
discourse on the prevailing levels of joblessness in the economy has got
convoluted due to unfounded conjectures and speculations. Survey-based
information whether enterprise based surveys or household surveys, work on the
principle of recording and enumeration by trained investigators and are based on
detailed questionnaires. Hence they form a much more reliable tool for
collecting information and inform policy. It is in this overall context, that the
government needs to be reminded about the importance of the NSSO-EUS, the
purpose it served and the opportunity cost to be borne by the economy for an
overall scrapping away of the surveys.
the meantime, due to a lack of statistics on employment and unemployment,
several sources have been explored by some research commissioned by the
government, to get an idea of the employment situation, which included using
the information from the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO),
Employees’ State insurance (ESI), State Employment Registers and so on. As
these sources are entirely based on self-reporting mechanisms and are not
survey-based information, it fails to provide any adequately reliable
information on the current situation. Much has already been written to identify
the problems of over or underestimation associated with such sources[3]. In
fact, by making such figures public, the overall context of the debate and
discourse on the prevailing levels of joblessness in the economy has got
convoluted due to unfounded conjectures and speculations. Survey-based
information whether enterprise based surveys or household surveys, work on the
principle of recording and enumeration by trained investigators and are based on
detailed questionnaires. Hence they form a much more reliable tool for
collecting information and inform policy. It is in this overall context, that the
government needs to be reminded about the importance of the NSSO-EUS, the
purpose it served and the opportunity cost to be borne by the economy for an
overall scrapping away of the surveys.
THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NSSO-EUS
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NSSO-EUS
The
NSSO-EUS, like all the other surveys conducted by the NSSO
embodied the idea with which the organization was instituted in 1950 by Professor
Prashanta Chandra Mahalanobis, widely regarded as the father of Indian
statistics. His vision for the organization was to obtain and quantify
comprehensive information on an annual basis on the socio-economic,
demographic, sectoral and other profiles of the country, both at the national
and state levels. Thus NSSO developed a methodology based on multi-stage,
multi-subject and multi-purpose cross-sectional surveys, conducted annually for
some and five-yearly for others (such as EUS and consumer expenditure) and covers
a wide range of subjects.The NSS data are collected and disseminated by the
National Sample Survey Organization NSSO) of India, which is a part of the
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI). Researchers and
organizations ranging from the ILO, World Bank and Planning Commission of India
to academic and private institutions have been using these data extensively.
The data have been used extensively by researchers to publish in peer-reviewed
journals. It has also informed news articles, reports and other media. In
addition to the data published in its reports, the NSSO also has unit-level
(household and individual) data, which are a vast source of information on the
individual households on several aspects at much larger dis-aggregated levels,
which are not available in published reports.
NSSO-EUS, like all the other surveys conducted by the NSSO
embodied the idea with which the organization was instituted in 1950 by Professor
Prashanta Chandra Mahalanobis, widely regarded as the father of Indian
statistics. His vision for the organization was to obtain and quantify
comprehensive information on an annual basis on the socio-economic,
demographic, sectoral and other profiles of the country, both at the national
and state levels. Thus NSSO developed a methodology based on multi-stage,
multi-subject and multi-purpose cross-sectional surveys, conducted annually for
some and five-yearly for others (such as EUS and consumer expenditure) and covers
a wide range of subjects.The NSS data are collected and disseminated by the
National Sample Survey Organization NSSO) of India, which is a part of the
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI). Researchers and
organizations ranging from the ILO, World Bank and Planning Commission of India
to academic and private institutions have been using these data extensively.
The data have been used extensively by researchers to publish in peer-reviewed
journals. It has also informed news articles, reports and other media. In
addition to the data published in its reports, the NSSO also has unit-level
(household and individual) data, which are a vast source of information on the
individual households on several aspects at much larger dis-aggregated levels,
which are not available in published reports.
The
first nation-wide comprehensive survey on employment, unemployment and labour
force was conducted in the 9th round (May-November 1955) of the NSSO. These
surveys were regularly carried out up to the 17th round in the rural
sector and 22nd round in the urban sector with different concepts and
approaches tried in different rounds making the comparability of data difficult
and limiting the validity of long term trends. Based on the recommendations of
the Committee of Experts on Unemployment Estimates set up by the Planning
Commission in 1969 (Dantwala Committee), the NSSO standardised the concepts and
definitions of labour force, employment and unemployment, which were then
adopted in quinquennial surveys (large sample sizes of over 100,000 households)
on employment and unemployment and were conducted since 1972-73 (27th round)
in rural as well as urban areas. This first quinquennial survey made a marked
departure from the earlier more simplistic employment surveys conducted by the Census
and NSSO in terms of procedure and content. The concepts and procedure followed
in this survey were based on the recommendations of standardization made by the
above-mentioned committee. It also drew a lot from the contemporary global
discourse on strengthening the databases of the macroeconomic indicators of paramount
importance such as the employment and unemployment estimates.India adopted some
of the most important resolutions passed by the International Conference of
Labour Statisticians (ICLS), the world’s recognized standard-setting body in
the area of labour statistics. In the 1960s and thereafter the government of
India adopted the international standards of classifications and categories in
the realm of labour statistics thus setting the stage for building a rigorous,
comprehensive and internationally comparable employment-unemployment data
system.
first nation-wide comprehensive survey on employment, unemployment and labour
force was conducted in the 9th round (May-November 1955) of the NSSO. These
surveys were regularly carried out up to the 17th round in the rural
sector and 22nd round in the urban sector with different concepts and
approaches tried in different rounds making the comparability of data difficult
and limiting the validity of long term trends. Based on the recommendations of
the Committee of Experts on Unemployment Estimates set up by the Planning
Commission in 1969 (Dantwala Committee), the NSSO standardised the concepts and
definitions of labour force, employment and unemployment, which were then
adopted in quinquennial surveys (large sample sizes of over 100,000 households)
on employment and unemployment and were conducted since 1972-73 (27th round)
in rural as well as urban areas. This first quinquennial survey made a marked
departure from the earlier more simplistic employment surveys conducted by the Census
and NSSO in terms of procedure and content. The concepts and procedure followed
in this survey were based on the recommendations of standardization made by the
above-mentioned committee. It also drew a lot from the contemporary global
discourse on strengthening the databases of the macroeconomic indicators of paramount
importance such as the employment and unemployment estimates.India adopted some
of the most important resolutions passed by the International Conference of
Labour Statisticians (ICLS), the world’s recognized standard-setting body in
the area of labour statistics. In the 1960s and thereafter the government of
India adopted the international standards of classifications and categories in
the realm of labour statistics thus setting the stage for building a rigorous,
comprehensive and internationally comparable employment-unemployment data
system.
The
quinquennial surveys, based on such standardized methods thus served as an
extensive source of information pertaining to not only the levels of labour force
participation rates, work participation rates and unemployment rates, but have
also been a source of rich information on the levels of under-employment or
disguised unemployment, different categories of workers, their living
conditions and contractual status (self-employed or wage employed and their
types), level of wage rates and earnings, occupational structures, status of
informal labour and several other indicators of the quality of the workers and
the non-workers. These surveys remained a substantial source of employment data
dis-aggregated across religious and social groups as well as by the
socio-demographic trends, for the past 42 years. In all, there have been a
total of ten rounds of these surveys which do provide long term insights to the
changes in the Indian labour markets. There exists a continuity as well as
comparability across these employment-unemployment data at several broad and
dis-aggregated levels. The data are also internationally comparable.
quinquennial surveys, based on such standardized methods thus served as an
extensive source of information pertaining to not only the levels of labour force
participation rates, work participation rates and unemployment rates, but have
also been a source of rich information on the levels of under-employment or
disguised unemployment, different categories of workers, their living
conditions and contractual status (self-employed or wage employed and their
types), level of wage rates and earnings, occupational structures, status of
informal labour and several other indicators of the quality of the workers and
the non-workers. These surveys remained a substantial source of employment data
dis-aggregated across religious and social groups as well as by the
socio-demographic trends, for the past 42 years. In all, there have been a
total of ten rounds of these surveys which do provide long term insights to the
changes in the Indian labour markets. There exists a continuity as well as
comparability across these employment-unemployment data at several broad and
dis-aggregated levels. The data are also internationally comparable.
Albeit,
the NSSO survey architecture and the sampling designs are complex and technical
and are not easily accessible to the general public. However, the purpose with
which it was designed in order to be as representative as possible, primarily
catered to experts and thus served its ends adequately. Some of the most
complex surveys such as the EUS would also be the ones supplying the minutest
details of labour market situation in India.Although, the sampling methodology adopted
by the NSSO is described in detail for the users to understand the methodology
clearly, it needs to be recognized that given its complexities, replicating
such a methodology has not been feasible for individual researchers or research
organisations. Further, the expertise required for reading and interpreting as
well as extracting raw unit level NSSO figures have also remained limited over
a long period of time. However, in the last few years several initiatives in
the form of increasing online resources, writing blogs, workshops and training
for students, researchers, practitioners and others to facilitate the
interpretation of this data increased its accessibility and usefulness
substantially, even for the non-technical audience.
the NSSO survey architecture and the sampling designs are complex and technical
and are not easily accessible to the general public. However, the purpose with
which it was designed in order to be as representative as possible, primarily
catered to experts and thus served its ends adequately. Some of the most
complex surveys such as the EUS would also be the ones supplying the minutest
details of labour market situation in India.Although, the sampling methodology adopted
by the NSSO is described in detail for the users to understand the methodology
clearly, it needs to be recognized that given its complexities, replicating
such a methodology has not been feasible for individual researchers or research
organisations. Further, the expertise required for reading and interpreting as
well as extracting raw unit level NSSO figures have also remained limited over
a long period of time. However, in the last few years several initiatives in
the form of increasing online resources, writing blogs, workshops and training
for students, researchers, practitioners and others to facilitate the
interpretation of this data increased its accessibility and usefulness
substantially, even for the non-technical audience.
The
NSSO data are also highly validated. This is because first, the process ensures
that the fieldwork for the national sample is carried out by teams of
experienced and highly trained investigators from the Field Operations Division
(FOD) of the NSSO. Second, each state conducts a parallel survey, supervised by
the Directorate of Economics and Statistics. This survey uses a larger sample
size and the sample overlaps with that of the nationally commissioned survey.
Third, the FOD scrutinizes each questionnaire for logical correctness and the
questionnaires found to be invalid are surveyed again. These steps ensure the
validity of the survey and thus make the NSS the most valuable source of
information on India’s economic and social parameters that are of critical
importance to policy-makers and researchers.
NSSO data are also highly validated. This is because first, the process ensures
that the fieldwork for the national sample is carried out by teams of
experienced and highly trained investigators from the Field Operations Division
(FOD) of the NSSO. Second, each state conducts a parallel survey, supervised by
the Directorate of Economics and Statistics. This survey uses a larger sample
size and the sample overlaps with that of the nationally commissioned survey.
Third, the FOD scrutinizes each questionnaire for logical correctness and the
questionnaires found to be invalid are surveyed again. These steps ensure the
validity of the survey and thus make the NSS the most valuable source of
information on India’s economic and social parameters that are of critical
importance to policy-makers and researchers.
However
despite such rigorous methodologies, the NSSO data have not been free from
critical appraisals. The NSSO has been criticized on several grounds such as
the estimated size of the population. In NSSO-EUS, it has always been on the
lower side and hence even for the quinquennial rounds the data have been approached
with caution while using for an in-depth analysis at the lowest level of
industries or occupations.The data are not completely free from the errors of
identification, enumeration and tabulation[4]. These
critical examinations of the NSSO data have in fact led to major improvisations
and corrections in revising the sample methodology which in turn made the database
more robust, reliable and representative.The methods also underwent changes in
altering the questions of the survey schedules so as to adopt, accommodate and
be able to supply detailed information pertaining to the Indian labour markets
in the context of the rapid changes that took place across the globe over the
period. Properly extracted and tabulated, NSSO-EUS helped immensely in the
analysis of trends and also in the evaluation of the impact of government interventions,
thus playing an important role in influencing the overall macro policy
framework of the country.
despite such rigorous methodologies, the NSSO data have not been free from
critical appraisals. The NSSO has been criticized on several grounds such as
the estimated size of the population. In NSSO-EUS, it has always been on the
lower side and hence even for the quinquennial rounds the data have been approached
with caution while using for an in-depth analysis at the lowest level of
industries or occupations.The data are not completely free from the errors of
identification, enumeration and tabulation[4]. These
critical examinations of the NSSO data have in fact led to major improvisations
and corrections in revising the sample methodology which in turn made the database
more robust, reliable and representative.The methods also underwent changes in
altering the questions of the survey schedules so as to adopt, accommodate and
be able to supply detailed information pertaining to the Indian labour markets
in the context of the rapid changes that took place across the globe over the
period. Properly extracted and tabulated, NSSO-EUS helped immensely in the
analysis of trends and also in the evaluation of the impact of government interventions,
thus playing an important role in influencing the overall macro policy
framework of the country.
The
NSSO-EUS data has been a dynamic process evolving steadily over time to take
into cognizance all matters important to analyse the structure of the Indian
labour market. In the recent global discourse of defining ‘work’ and
distinguishing between ‘work’ and ‘employment’, the government of India is
mulling on adopting the resolution passed by the 19th ICLS, held in
Geneva in October 2013, in order to recognize and provide framework to measure
all work, paid and unpaid. India has been a proactive member of several ILO committees
and task forces, in the past, that have looked into redefining several categories of labour
market indicators and working towards integrating the labour statistics with
the other domains of the data systems. In India, the NSSO under the MOSPI, with
its years of experience and expertise have been leading the initiatives
effectively.
NSSO-EUS data has been a dynamic process evolving steadily over time to take
into cognizance all matters important to analyse the structure of the Indian
labour market. In the recent global discourse of defining ‘work’ and
distinguishing between ‘work’ and ‘employment’, the government of India is
mulling on adopting the resolution passed by the 19th ICLS, held in
Geneva in October 2013, in order to recognize and provide framework to measure
all work, paid and unpaid. India has been a proactive member of several ILO committees
and task forces, in the past, that have looked into redefining several categories of labour
market indicators and working towards integrating the labour statistics with
the other domains of the data systems. In India, the NSSO under the MOSPI, with
its years of experience and expertise have been leading the initiatives
effectively.
The
sudden scrapping away of such surveys and discontinuing an important source of
extensive information on important economic and social parameters, based on
grounds of certain limitations of sampling adequacy, periodicity, timeliness
and relevance – i.e. limitations which were easier to correct and revise rather
than discard in its entirety, comes as an act of ‘throwing the baby out with
the bathwater’. In the process, what it has essentially created is a situation
where there is no actual information on the status of labour force, workforce
and unemployment rates of the country since 2011-12 (or 2015-16), which in a
way justifies the above mentioned statement made by the PM. The irony however is,
such a data-less, uninformed situation has been created by none other than the
government itself!Under such a situation, it becomes all the more imperative to
reinstate the household surveys conducted by the NSSO and make the figures available
in the public domain at the earliest.
sudden scrapping away of such surveys and discontinuing an important source of
extensive information on important economic and social parameters, based on
grounds of certain limitations of sampling adequacy, periodicity, timeliness
and relevance – i.e. limitations which were easier to correct and revise rather
than discard in its entirety, comes as an act of ‘throwing the baby out with
the bathwater’. In the process, what it has essentially created is a situation
where there is no actual information on the status of labour force, workforce
and unemployment rates of the country since 2011-12 (or 2015-16), which in a
way justifies the above mentioned statement made by the PM. The irony however is,
such a data-less, uninformed situation has been created by none other than the
government itself!Under such a situation, it becomes all the more imperative to
reinstate the household surveys conducted by the NSSO and make the figures available
in the public domain at the earliest.
The author is senior Research Consultant at Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA)
It is interesting to read your blog post and I am going to share it with my friends.aybabg