Antara Ray Chaudhury
Europe
has been in doldrums since the financial crisis of 2008 and various degrees and
shades of recovery, bailouts and assault of austerity drives have meant the
continent turning into a major cause of concern for the stability of global
financial order. The economic troubles have naturally meant radical effects in
political, social sphere across the continent and from Greece to Portugal and Spain;
the underbelly of Europe is suddenly rising in revolt. While it is interesting
to track the fortunes and trails of emerging progressive alternatives in Europe
in general; it is more necessary to place these alternatives in the broader
context of unprecedented might of finance capital. Only such historical,
dialectic view will help sober the unprecedented and sometimes unreasonable
expectations from the emerging alternatives and understand the gravity of the
situation better. It is in this context that the assessment of UK elections
results assumes critical importance.
has been in doldrums since the financial crisis of 2008 and various degrees and
shades of recovery, bailouts and assault of austerity drives have meant the
continent turning into a major cause of concern for the stability of global
financial order. The economic troubles have naturally meant radical effects in
political, social sphere across the continent and from Greece to Portugal and Spain;
the underbelly of Europe is suddenly rising in revolt. While it is interesting
to track the fortunes and trails of emerging progressive alternatives in Europe
in general; it is more necessary to place these alternatives in the broader
context of unprecedented might of finance capital. Only such historical,
dialectic view will help sober the unprecedented and sometimes unreasonable
expectations from the emerging alternatives and understand the gravity of the
situation better. It is in this context that the assessment of UK elections
results assumes critical importance.
At
the outset, let me clarify one thing: Analysis and consumption of election
results can be pleasantly self-deceiving. However, despite the sustained market
driven efforts to turn it into another commodity suited to consumption cycles
and trends; politics doesn’t get reduced to elections although electoral
politics is certainly a major component of it. Hence, in this exercise, I will
first take stock of overall results, then contextualizing them in the broader
political economy and finally attempt to arrive at certain working conclusions.
the outset, let me clarify one thing: Analysis and consumption of election
results can be pleasantly self-deceiving. However, despite the sustained market
driven efforts to turn it into another commodity suited to consumption cycles
and trends; politics doesn’t get reduced to elections although electoral
politics is certainly a major component of it. Hence, in this exercise, I will
first take stock of overall results, then contextualizing them in the broader
political economy and finally attempt to arrive at certain working conclusions.
The results:
The
recently concluded general elections in UK not only proved to be a critical one
but the results came as quite a shock. While hung parliament and a coalition
government between Labour Party and Scottish National Party (SNP) was expected
and a common prediction of the pollsters; the results were astounding, handing
the Labor Party its worst defeat since 1983. Tories came back to Westminster
with a clear majority this time. The Conservative Party led by David Cameron
got 331 seats in a 650 seats Parliament while the Labour Party led by Ed
Miliband could secure only 232 seats. The Liberal Democrats led by Nick Clegg
suffered massively and got only 8 seats. The big story was Scotland where the
SNP led by Nicola Sturgeon swept entire Scottish vote by winning 56 seats out
of 59 over there.
recently concluded general elections in UK not only proved to be a critical one
but the results came as quite a shock. While hung parliament and a coalition
government between Labour Party and Scottish National Party (SNP) was expected
and a common prediction of the pollsters; the results were astounding, handing
the Labor Party its worst defeat since 1983. Tories came back to Westminster
with a clear majority this time. The Conservative Party led by David Cameron
got 331 seats in a 650 seats Parliament while the Labour Party led by Ed
Miliband could secure only 232 seats. The Liberal Democrats led by Nick Clegg
suffered massively and got only 8 seats. The big story was Scotland where the
SNP led by Nicola Sturgeon swept entire Scottish vote by winning 56 seats out
of 59 over there.
In
terms of overall Britain-wide vote share the Conservatives got 36.8% of the
total vote and the Labour got 30.4%, Liberal democrats got just 7.9% and SNP
secured 4.7%. If we look at the statistics of the results in terms of vote
share then while all parties have increased their respective vote shares, the
Liberals Democrats have actually lost 15.2% of their vote share since 2010.
However the real elephant in the room is UKIP, led by Nigel Farage. Although
UKIP secured just one seat, with Nigel Farage himself losing to a Conservative
candidate; they secured 12.6% of the total vote, up 9.5% from 2010 results.[1]
terms of overall Britain-wide vote share the Conservatives got 36.8% of the
total vote and the Labour got 30.4%, Liberal democrats got just 7.9% and SNP
secured 4.7%. If we look at the statistics of the results in terms of vote
share then while all parties have increased their respective vote shares, the
Liberals Democrats have actually lost 15.2% of their vote share since 2010.
However the real elephant in the room is UKIP, led by Nigel Farage. Although
UKIP secured just one seat, with Nigel Farage himself losing to a Conservative
candidate; they secured 12.6% of the total vote, up 9.5% from 2010 results.[1]
Contextualizing the
results:
results:
While
it is tempting to conclude a general right-wing turn with Conservative majority
as well as UKIP’s vote share significantly rising with 3rd largest
popular vote; the picture is much more complicated. As a matter of fact, it is
useful to recall that the rightward turn began with Thatcher era in 1980s which
also marked a shift in capitalism from Fordism to era of post-Fordist financial
capital. The retreat of the state and defeat of unions, the more memorable one
involving the failed strike of coal mines in 1985; they altered the political
equations suitably in favor of liberal, congenial policies of free movement of
capital and de-industrialized growth of a service economy backed by
metropolitan capital.
it is tempting to conclude a general right-wing turn with Conservative majority
as well as UKIP’s vote share significantly rising with 3rd largest
popular vote; the picture is much more complicated. As a matter of fact, it is
useful to recall that the rightward turn began with Thatcher era in 1980s which
also marked a shift in capitalism from Fordism to era of post-Fordist financial
capital. The retreat of the state and defeat of unions, the more memorable one
involving the failed strike of coal mines in 1985; they altered the political
equations suitably in favor of liberal, congenial policies of free movement of
capital and de-industrialized growth of a service economy backed by
metropolitan capital.
While
Thatcher’s government followed a radical program of privatization and
deregulation, reform of the trade unions, tax cuts and the introduction of
market mechanisms into health and education with the aim to reduce the role of
government, John Major took over the as PM in 1990 and oversaw the British
involvement in the Gulf War, the economic recession was deepening and taxation,
health care and immigration were the main issues building up to the 1992
elections (with which many have found parallels for the 2015 elections). The
Labour Party, in 1992, led by Neil Kinnock was supposed to win the election
after the 13 years rule of Tories primarily under Thatcher and then Major which
changed the course of British politics in many ways. The Tories campaigned that
floodgates of immigration from developing countries will opened up if Labor
comes to power. Primarily the attack was on the social security and curbing the
politics of Trade unions and playing with the rules of the market. The Tories won that election under the
leadership of John Major. Surprisingly the SNP ran a campaign at that time for
freedom by ’93 and hoped to make a major breakthrough. However, they could get only
3 seats.
Thatcher’s government followed a radical program of privatization and
deregulation, reform of the trade unions, tax cuts and the introduction of
market mechanisms into health and education with the aim to reduce the role of
government, John Major took over the as PM in 1990 and oversaw the British
involvement in the Gulf War, the economic recession was deepening and taxation,
health care and immigration were the main issues building up to the 1992
elections (with which many have found parallels for the 2015 elections). The
Labour Party, in 1992, led by Neil Kinnock was supposed to win the election
after the 13 years rule of Tories primarily under Thatcher and then Major which
changed the course of British politics in many ways. The Tories campaigned that
floodgates of immigration from developing countries will opened up if Labor
comes to power. Primarily the attack was on the social security and curbing the
politics of Trade unions and playing with the rules of the market. The Tories won that election under the
leadership of John Major. Surprisingly the SNP ran a campaign at that time for
freedom by ’93 and hoped to make a major breakthrough. However, they could get only
3 seats.
The
defeat resulted in a conclusive departure on the part of the Labor Party with
its later adoption of ‘New Labor’
policy of Tony Blair. New Labor was a
clear break from the social-democratic and firmly working class, trade union
politics roots of the Labor Party, in an attempt to project itself as a
centrist party following a humane capitalism with social justice, and not
socialism, as its end. New Labor with
Tony Blair as prime minister; ruled from 1997-2007 with infamous role in war in
Iraq and Afghanistan as subordinate ally of US imperialism. Gordon Brown took
over till 2010. Although Brown rescued banks and financial institutions with
liberal stimulus packages post-2008 financial crisis; his failure to rein in
national budget deficit, unemployment, NHS cuts and worries over immigration
resulted in a hung parliament in 2010 when the Conservative- Liberal Democrat
coalition came to power.
defeat resulted in a conclusive departure on the part of the Labor Party with
its later adoption of ‘New Labor’
policy of Tony Blair. New Labor was a
clear break from the social-democratic and firmly working class, trade union
politics roots of the Labor Party, in an attempt to project itself as a
centrist party following a humane capitalism with social justice, and not
socialism, as its end. New Labor with
Tony Blair as prime minister; ruled from 1997-2007 with infamous role in war in
Iraq and Afghanistan as subordinate ally of US imperialism. Gordon Brown took
over till 2010. Although Brown rescued banks and financial institutions with
liberal stimulus packages post-2008 financial crisis; his failure to rein in
national budget deficit, unemployment, NHS cuts and worries over immigration
resulted in a hung parliament in 2010 when the Conservative- Liberal Democrat
coalition came to power.
This
rather elaborated account was necessary to highlight an entrenched position of a
neo-liberal policy and subservience or allegiance of political parties, which
is increasingly familiar to us in India as well. As I noted earlier, it is
important to recognize the continuities and entrenched positions to realize the
relative strength and possibilities attached to the ‘breaks’ and emerging
alternatives. Let us first take stock of these continuities in detail:
rather elaborated account was necessary to highlight an entrenched position of a
neo-liberal policy and subservience or allegiance of political parties, which
is increasingly familiar to us in India as well. As I noted earlier, it is
important to recognize the continuities and entrenched positions to realize the
relative strength and possibilities attached to the ‘breaks’ and emerging
alternatives. Let us first take stock of these continuities in detail:
1.
Consensus over Austerity: Gordon Brown (Labor PM), at the time
of financial meltdown, gave liberal stimulus packages to the banks like
Barclays, RBS etc. which led to spurt in fiscal deficit while the economic
recovery remained feeble in the wake of global recession and Tories came to the
power under Cameron saying that the Labour has actually bankrupted the country.
What is noteworthy is the sustained high pitch over the need to ‘balance the
books’ i.e. carry out massive cuts in social welfare to rein in deficits.
Although Labor and Liberal Democrats disagree over the degree and manner in
which this program of austerity is being carried out by the Conservatives, they
have no fundamental differences with the underlying logic of austerity as such.
What is noteworthy is how quickly a crisis, engulfing the capitalist system as
such and especially eroding the claims of a post-Cold War Utopia, could result
in creating fertile ground for further assaults on public welfare. As Fredric
Jameson had remarked, it is easier to imagine an end of the world than the end
of the capitalism. It is also instructive that the large bailouts didn’t take
the logical form of a nationalization program for alternative development. The
campaign against austerity certainly enjoys popular support in Scotland and
Northern parts of Britain, however, the symbol of welfare state post WW-II i.e.
NHS (National Health System) facing austerity cuts and plans of its
privatization seems to go ahead, despite general public protests and
opposition.
Consensus over Austerity: Gordon Brown (Labor PM), at the time
of financial meltdown, gave liberal stimulus packages to the banks like
Barclays, RBS etc. which led to spurt in fiscal deficit while the economic
recovery remained feeble in the wake of global recession and Tories came to the
power under Cameron saying that the Labour has actually bankrupted the country.
What is noteworthy is the sustained high pitch over the need to ‘balance the
books’ i.e. carry out massive cuts in social welfare to rein in deficits.
Although Labor and Liberal Democrats disagree over the degree and manner in
which this program of austerity is being carried out by the Conservatives, they
have no fundamental differences with the underlying logic of austerity as such.
What is noteworthy is how quickly a crisis, engulfing the capitalist system as
such and especially eroding the claims of a post-Cold War Utopia, could result
in creating fertile ground for further assaults on public welfare. As Fredric
Jameson had remarked, it is easier to imagine an end of the world than the end
of the capitalism. It is also instructive that the large bailouts didn’t take
the logical form of a nationalization program for alternative development. The
campaign against austerity certainly enjoys popular support in Scotland and
Northern parts of Britain, however, the symbol of welfare state post WW-II i.e.
NHS (National Health System) facing austerity cuts and plans of its
privatization seems to go ahead, despite general public protests and
opposition.
2. Anti immigration: The entrenched position of a
right-wing polity is not just over economic issues of free market and
neo-liberalism. It also means an increasing xenophobia about immigrants and
racism, provincialism of all sorts enjoying hegemonic position. Immigration has
always remained a very contentious issue in UK. The cheap labor made available
from Eastern Europe after the demise of Soviet bloc and their entry into EU as
well as migrants from Asian countries led to high rates of migration during
mid-2000s. However, a simultaneous decline in public healthcare and employment
and the leading parties firmly wedded to the free market neo-liberal recipes
unwilling to chart an economic course independent of whammies of international
finance despite the fallout of financial crisis opened field for UKIP (UK
Independence Party, which is far-Right party arguing against immigration and
calls for UK’s exit from EU) which articulated effectively that migration is
the real cause of Briton’s troubles- economic as well as social. On this issue
of immigration, all the major parties are on the same page. The most ironical
sight of this election in fact was the anti-immigration mugs used for campaign
of Labor Party.
It
is also important to remember that UKIP has not just increased its vote share
to 12.6%, but also it has finished 2nd in 90 of overall 650
constituencies. With pressure for electoral reforms and proportionate
representation building up, it is just a matter of time that it may become the
3rd largest force in the parliament as well. With a likelihood of
referendum of EU by 2017 as promised by Conservatives, the anti-immigration
campaign is set to grow. This is not a situation where a debtor state like
Greece ridden with heavy debt burden is deciding to leave the EU and its
financial bullying. Here, state like UK with one of the stronger economies in
the region is turning its back on the region’s working population with
is also important to remember that UKIP has not just increased its vote share
to 12.6%, but also it has finished 2nd in 90 of overall 650
constituencies. With pressure for electoral reforms and proportionate
representation building up, it is just a matter of time that it may become the
3rd largest force in the parliament as well. With a likelihood of
referendum of EU by 2017 as promised by Conservatives, the anti-immigration
campaign is set to grow. This is not a situation where a debtor state like
Greece ridden with heavy debt burden is deciding to leave the EU and its
financial bullying. Here, state like UK with one of the stronger economies in
the region is turning its back on the region’s working population with
3.
Scotland: Scotland has perhaps been the most
widely discussed and highlighted factor in the UK elections. Despite the recent
refusal for independence in the referendum few months back (where major
Westminster parties including Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Labor
campaigned on common platform for a ‘No’
vote to Scottish independence), Scotland rallied behind SNP, (which wants
an independent Scotland) and its social-democratic policies of anti-austerity
and rendering a thumping defeat to Labor in Scotland thereby igniting an
intense debate over what won- nationalism or social welfare. What is however
apparent is the consensus of the main parties over the devolution/ independence
of Scotland.
Scotland: Scotland has perhaps been the most
widely discussed and highlighted factor in the UK elections. Despite the recent
refusal for independence in the referendum few months back (where major
Westminster parties including Conservatives, Liberal Democrats and Labor
campaigned on common platform for a ‘No’
vote to Scottish independence), Scotland rallied behind SNP, (which wants
an independent Scotland) and its social-democratic policies of anti-austerity
and rendering a thumping defeat to Labor in Scotland thereby igniting an
intense debate over what won- nationalism or social welfare. What is however
apparent is the consensus of the main parties over the devolution/ independence
of Scotland.
In
effect, Liberal Democrats in the government, and Labor, in opposition, were
left to do a strange kind of tailing and catching up with Conservatives on all
issues of importance: where they differed was the matter of degrees and not of
different path. Labor, unable to evolve any feasible response to the Scottish
nationalism as well as anti-austerity, kept ducking and presenting itself as a
party incapable to take a firm stand on either. What is noteworthy is the
clever use by Conservatives of the possibility of Labor-SNP coalition
government, which they portrayed as a threat to British Union as well as
frequent blackmailing by SNP leading to derailing of economy. There is also
some reason to argue that Scottish nationalism fed into British provincialism
and unionism benefitting Conservatives. Labor Party, under Ed Miliband tried to
set its agenda in Social Democratic terms with call for freeze on energy
prices, rescuing NHS, housing and sobering austerity cuts and introducing
mansion Tax; however, despite the claims of a firm departure from Blairite
path, Labor still retained faithfulness to its economic message. Despite the
warnings that the majority the Conservatives now enjoy may be illusory and
fissures may develop over politics over EU; the policies of austerity and
anti-immigration remain strong.
effect, Liberal Democrats in the government, and Labor, in opposition, were
left to do a strange kind of tailing and catching up with Conservatives on all
issues of importance: where they differed was the matter of degrees and not of
different path. Labor, unable to evolve any feasible response to the Scottish
nationalism as well as anti-austerity, kept ducking and presenting itself as a
party incapable to take a firm stand on either. What is noteworthy is the
clever use by Conservatives of the possibility of Labor-SNP coalition
government, which they portrayed as a threat to British Union as well as
frequent blackmailing by SNP leading to derailing of economy. There is also
some reason to argue that Scottish nationalism fed into British provincialism
and unionism benefitting Conservatives. Labor Party, under Ed Miliband tried to
set its agenda in Social Democratic terms with call for freeze on energy
prices, rescuing NHS, housing and sobering austerity cuts and introducing
mansion Tax; however, despite the claims of a firm departure from Blairite
path, Labor still retained faithfulness to its economic message. Despite the
warnings that the majority the Conservatives now enjoy may be illusory and
fissures may develop over politics over EU; the policies of austerity and
anti-immigration remain strong.
It
is in such bleak backdrop, I would like to put forth the emerging developments
that hold promise:
is in such bleak backdrop, I would like to put forth the emerging developments
that hold promise:
1. Two-party structure in crisis: Like elsewhere in Europe, the
two-party dominated parliamentary democracy is fast getting undermined in the
wake of financial crisis and resultant austerity measures and migration
politics. As much as the Far Right has evolved parties around anti-immigration
movements such as UKIP in UK, the possibilities of Left wing politics around
popular movements are also looking brighter: the SNP, as we have seen, has been
the biggest beneficiary on the Left and has vowed to continue its battle
against austerity in UK’s parliament as well. Apart from SNP, it is the Greens
which have emerged surprisingly as a viable Left alternative anti-austerity
party. Although Greens have only 1 seat in the parliament, their vote share
went up to 3.8% with over 1 million votes (UKIP has over 3 million votes). The
surge in Green support has been a very recent phenomenon with their membership
numbers swelling. While their ability to break into the structures of power and
shape national course remains limited, the undermining of credence once held by
two major parties is going to be a more crucial factor over the period.
two-party dominated parliamentary democracy is fast getting undermined in the
wake of financial crisis and resultant austerity measures and migration
politics. As much as the Far Right has evolved parties around anti-immigration
movements such as UKIP in UK, the possibilities of Left wing politics around
popular movements are also looking brighter: the SNP, as we have seen, has been
the biggest beneficiary on the Left and has vowed to continue its battle
against austerity in UK’s parliament as well. Apart from SNP, it is the Greens
which have emerged surprisingly as a viable Left alternative anti-austerity
party. Although Greens have only 1 seat in the parliament, their vote share
went up to 3.8% with over 1 million votes (UKIP has over 3 million votes). The
surge in Green support has been a very recent phenomenon with their membership
numbers swelling. While their ability to break into the structures of power and
shape national course remains limited, the undermining of credence once held by
two major parties is going to be a more crucial factor over the period.
2.
Nationalism, (versus/ and) Social
Welfare: SNP is a unique case in point in its
ability to break through the classical dilemma of Left about ‘nationalism
versus social welfare’. SNP successfully integrated both and built a
progressive narrative around nationalism as a tool to defy the dogmas of UK
about austerity. It is certainly contested that without Scotland, Britain will
be more firmly in the throes of Conservatives; but it is equally a failure of
Labor to build a credible alternative integrating nationalism and social
welfare. Ed Miliband tried to rally around the slogan of ‘One Nation Labor’-
but flip-flops on immigration and austerity meant that the party fell between
the two stools. However, it certainly remains to be seen how successful SNP
really is at warding off the pressures of finance capital, especially in the
wake of difficulties faced by parties like Syriza.
Nationalism, (versus/ and) Social
Welfare: SNP is a unique case in point in its
ability to break through the classical dilemma of Left about ‘nationalism
versus social welfare’. SNP successfully integrated both and built a
progressive narrative around nationalism as a tool to defy the dogmas of UK
about austerity. It is certainly contested that without Scotland, Britain will
be more firmly in the throes of Conservatives; but it is equally a failure of
Labor to build a credible alternative integrating nationalism and social
welfare. Ed Miliband tried to rally around the slogan of ‘One Nation Labor’-
but flip-flops on immigration and austerity meant that the party fell between
the two stools. However, it certainly remains to be seen how successful SNP
really is at warding off the pressures of finance capital, especially in the
wake of difficulties faced by parties like Syriza.
3.
The strained link between the trade
unions and Labor Party: Traditionally,
both Communist and Social Democratic parties nurtured and valued their organic
links with trade unions. In an effort to turn Labor into a centrist, mass party
on the lines of Liberal Democrats, Labor Party took up inner-party electoral
and funding reforms which meant that the members of trade unions would now have
an option to become a member of Labor party and contribute to it and it would
no longer be obligatory. This is a move to end the ‘vanguardism’ of the Party
as well as end the role of unions in policies. Hence the process which began
with New Labor finds a logical
conclusion and is another consistency. Especially in the wake of defeat, the
establishment in the Labor have rallied behind the calls to reinvent the
Blairite policies to win over the middle England, the safe havens of Tories by
once again riding the bandwagon of ‘aspirations’ and discarding the traces of
class politics from its discourse and actions. Hence, as a reaction, there are
increasing voices calling for trade unions to explore Left alternatives beyond
the Labor if the latter chooses to follow a Blairite path. One wonders if such
a move will materialize; however, parties like Greens becoming active with
trade union politics seem possible.
The strained link between the trade
unions and Labor Party: Traditionally,
both Communist and Social Democratic parties nurtured and valued their organic
links with trade unions. In an effort to turn Labor into a centrist, mass party
on the lines of Liberal Democrats, Labor Party took up inner-party electoral
and funding reforms which meant that the members of trade unions would now have
an option to become a member of Labor party and contribute to it and it would
no longer be obligatory. This is a move to end the ‘vanguardism’ of the Party
as well as end the role of unions in policies. Hence the process which began
with New Labor finds a logical
conclusion and is another consistency. Especially in the wake of defeat, the
establishment in the Labor have rallied behind the calls to reinvent the
Blairite policies to win over the middle England, the safe havens of Tories by
once again riding the bandwagon of ‘aspirations’ and discarding the traces of
class politics from its discourse and actions. Hence, as a reaction, there are
increasing voices calling for trade unions to explore Left alternatives beyond
the Labor if the latter chooses to follow a Blairite path. One wonders if such
a move will materialize; however, parties like Greens becoming active with
trade union politics seem possible.
The
articulations of nationalism, anti- immigration, identity vis-à-vis class in
the backdrop of austerity and recession remain a continuing concern- and these
concerns are increasingly shared by politics around the world. Among them, UK
is certainly going to be a key battleground. The success of neo-liberal
framework presenting itself as the only viable alternative which dangerously
feeds into xenophobic projects to keep the troublesome working classes at bay;
is sobering while in spite of these, there are emerging popular movements
successful at productively resolving the tension between the issues of identity
and welfare like Scottish National Party are a cause for inspiration. That
really is the takeaway of UK elections 2015.
articulations of nationalism, anti- immigration, identity vis-à-vis class in
the backdrop of austerity and recession remain a continuing concern- and these
concerns are increasingly shared by politics around the world. Among them, UK
is certainly going to be a key battleground. The success of neo-liberal
framework presenting itself as the only viable alternative which dangerously
feeds into xenophobic projects to keep the troublesome working classes at bay;
is sobering while in spite of these, there are emerging popular movements
successful at productively resolving the tension between the issues of identity
and welfare like Scottish National Party are a cause for inspiration. That
really is the takeaway of UK elections 2015.
The author is Research Scholar at JNU.
