The Siege of Syria – Vijay Prashad
Tragedy stalks the
Syrian landscape. Of the more than twenty-two million Syrians, almost seven
million are displaced and in need of serious assistance – either on the move
within Syria or as refugees without.
Of these, 2.5 million are outside the
reach of the UN’s many agencies and of the non-governmental organisations that
are brave enough to work inside Syria. Residents who are trapped in the
besieged community of Moadamiya al-Sham in rural Damascus cannot access
services, just as Palestinians in the enclosed Yarmouk Camp see starvation
approach on the horizon. The imam of the Palestine Mosque in Yarmouk, Sheikh
Mohammed Abu al-Khair, issued a fatwa that allowed the hungry to eat the meat
of cats, dogs, and donkeys – a previous such fatwa had been issued in Homs.
There is no attempt to open a humanitarian corridor into these regions – where
starvation and fear frame the lives of the residents.
Syrian landscape. Of the more than twenty-two million Syrians, almost seven
million are displaced and in need of serious assistance – either on the move
within Syria or as refugees without.
Of these, 2.5 million are outside the
reach of the UN’s many agencies and of the non-governmental organisations that
are brave enough to work inside Syria. Residents who are trapped in the
besieged community of Moadamiya al-Sham in rural Damascus cannot access
services, just as Palestinians in the enclosed Yarmouk Camp see starvation
approach on the horizon. The imam of the Palestine Mosque in Yarmouk, Sheikh
Mohammed Abu al-Khair, issued a fatwa that allowed the hungry to eat the meat
of cats, dogs, and donkeys – a previous such fatwa had been issued in Homs.
There is no attempt to open a humanitarian corridor into these regions – where
starvation and fear frame the lives of the residents.
An arc runs from the
border with Iraq to the northern city of Raqqa downward to the Lebanese border
towns that lead to its coastal city of Tripoli. Along that arc grows the power
of the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shams
(ISIS) – a group that draws its inspiration from the kind of ideology
associated with al-Qaeda, and which is a magnet for the global jihadis from Saudi
Arabia and Chechnya (fighting under the banner of Jaish al-Muhajirin wa
al-Ansar – Army of the Emigrants and the Helpers), from the byways of North
Africa to the dregs of the more radical wings of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
(via the vehicle of the Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiya movement. Angered by the
Western influence on the exiled opposition, encouraged by Gulf Arab princes and
by the slow retreat of the new Qatari emir from a forward policy in Syria, the
ISIS emerged out of Iraq’s sectarian strife to “expunge the filth” of the Free
Syrian Army and other Islamist groups that it did not see as sufficiently pure
and uncompromising. Any negotiation with the government, under the auspices of
the West, is forbidden.
If a rebel leader, whether from the fighting groups or the Syrian political
opposition, go to Geneva 2 in late November, they will be treated by ISIS as
traitors. These are harsh words from a group that does most of its speaking
through the barrel of a gun.
border with Iraq to the northern city of Raqqa downward to the Lebanese border
towns that lead to its coastal city of Tripoli. Along that arc grows the power
of the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shams
(ISIS) – a group that draws its inspiration from the kind of ideology
associated with al-Qaeda, and which is a magnet for the global jihadis from Saudi
Arabia and Chechnya (fighting under the banner of Jaish al-Muhajirin wa
al-Ansar – Army of the Emigrants and the Helpers), from the byways of North
Africa to the dregs of the more radical wings of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
(via the vehicle of the Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiya movement. Angered by the
Western influence on the exiled opposition, encouraged by Gulf Arab princes and
by the slow retreat of the new Qatari emir from a forward policy in Syria, the
ISIS emerged out of Iraq’s sectarian strife to “expunge the filth” of the Free
Syrian Army and other Islamist groups that it did not see as sufficiently pure
and uncompromising. Any negotiation with the government, under the auspices of
the West, is forbidden.
If a rebel leader, whether from the fighting groups or the Syrian political
opposition, go to Geneva 2 in late November, they will be treated by ISIS as
traitors. These are harsh words from a group that does most of its speaking
through the barrel of a gun.
The capture of Raqqa
by ISIS chased out one of the main liberal voices against the Assad regime from
Syria, Yassin al Haj Saleh. When he fled Syria in mid-October, Saleh called the
ISIS “the spectres of horror of our childhood, the ghouls.” It is likely that the ISIS, like al-Qaeda, is prone to exaggerate
its strength and to use to great effect modern media technologies to broadcast
its gains and magnify them. Al-Qaeda knew from Osama Bin Laden’s creative use of
video cassettes after his “battle” of Paktia in 1987 the value of communication
for the creation of power – from then, Bin Laden used the media effectively to
build up his legend and later that of al-Qaeda. It could be argued that ISIS
too is using twitter and other media to effectively exaggerate its strength in
the north of Syria. However, reporters who have been able to travel to Raqqa
confirm the growth of ISIS, as do the Kurdish protection committees (YPG) which
have turned their guns on the ISIS along the road that links Raqqa to the Iraqi
border. Billboards across Raqqa signal the arrival of ISIS, which someGulf Arab
princes see (as they did the Taliban in 1997-8) as their ancestors in the 18th
century. It is this emotional link that brings ISIS the kind of private Gulf
Arab funds that has enabled it to thrive in its campaign along the north – and
to the edge of Damascus.
by ISIS chased out one of the main liberal voices against the Assad regime from
Syria, Yassin al Haj Saleh. When he fled Syria in mid-October, Saleh called the
ISIS “the spectres of horror of our childhood, the ghouls.” It is likely that the ISIS, like al-Qaeda, is prone to exaggerate
its strength and to use to great effect modern media technologies to broadcast
its gains and magnify them. Al-Qaeda knew from Osama Bin Laden’s creative use of
video cassettes after his “battle” of Paktia in 1987 the value of communication
for the creation of power – from then, Bin Laden used the media effectively to
build up his legend and later that of al-Qaeda. It could be argued that ISIS
too is using twitter and other media to effectively exaggerate its strength in
the north of Syria. However, reporters who have been able to travel to Raqqa
confirm the growth of ISIS, as do the Kurdish protection committees (YPG) which
have turned their guns on the ISIS along the road that links Raqqa to the Iraqi
border. Billboards across Raqqa signal the arrival of ISIS, which someGulf Arab
princes see (as they did the Taliban in 1997-8) as their ancestors in the 18th
century. It is this emotional link that brings ISIS the kind of private Gulf
Arab funds that has enabled it to thrive in its campaign along the north – and
to the edge of Damascus.
However strong the
ISIS, and however many tanks they are able to deploy, they cannot match the
seemingly indestructible power of the Syrian government’s army. Early into the
conflict, thousands of Syrian army troops defected into what became the Free
Syrian Army – now a pale shadow of what it was in 2011-12. The Syrian
government bulked up its own forces through irregular militias (shabiha) and by the deployment of a
sectarian logic that the rebels are Sunni and that minority Alawite and
Christian need to fight to preserve the regime. With the ISIS pushing a
fundamentally Sunni religious and political agenda, backed to the hilt by Gulf
Arab princes, the turn of the Assad regime toward sectarianism has begun to
ring the death knell for Syria. At one time, Syria was one of the touchstones
of Arab nationalism (whose anti-Communist instantiation was the Ba’ath Party).
Latterly the Assad government has shifted to other logics – the kind of
pan-Syrian nationalism of the Syria National Social Party as well as a kind of
Iranianism that seeks to awaken those social forces that oppose Saudi hegemony
in the region (such as Iran, Iraq and Hezbollah). The gains of the battlefield
that emerge out of these narrowed allegiances strike a fatal blow at Syria’s
unity. Whichever way this conflict winds down, the old certainties of Syrian
nationalism and Arabism will have been seriously harmed.
ISIS, and however many tanks they are able to deploy, they cannot match the
seemingly indestructible power of the Syrian government’s army. Early into the
conflict, thousands of Syrian army troops defected into what became the Free
Syrian Army – now a pale shadow of what it was in 2011-12. The Syrian
government bulked up its own forces through irregular militias (shabiha) and by the deployment of a
sectarian logic that the rebels are Sunni and that minority Alawite and
Christian need to fight to preserve the regime. With the ISIS pushing a
fundamentally Sunni religious and political agenda, backed to the hilt by Gulf
Arab princes, the turn of the Assad regime toward sectarianism has begun to
ring the death knell for Syria. At one time, Syria was one of the touchstones
of Arab nationalism (whose anti-Communist instantiation was the Ba’ath Party).
Latterly the Assad government has shifted to other logics – the kind of
pan-Syrian nationalism of the Syria National Social Party as well as a kind of
Iranianism that seeks to awaken those social forces that oppose Saudi hegemony
in the region (such as Iran, Iraq and Hezbollah). The gains of the battlefield
that emerge out of these narrowed allegiances strike a fatal blow at Syria’s
unity. Whichever way this conflict winds down, the old certainties of Syrian
nationalism and Arabism will have been seriously harmed.
No question that the
regime now has the upper hand. It is the reason why the princes of Saudi Arabia
are particularly miffed. Prince Turki went on a rampage against Hezbollah as
Prince Bandar egged on the Palace to reject the UN Security Council seat that
the Kingdom had won. They will make sure that money enters the coffers of their
preferred interlocutors amongst the rebels – Zahran Alloush’s Army of Islam,
founded to undercut the vastly more powerful ISIS whose al-Qaeda ideology gives
the Saudi Palace its shivers (just as it excites the ambitions of some of its
princes) – in late October the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz al-Sheikh
asked young Saudis not to go fight in the jihad in Syria, a sign of the
uncertainty in the palace. Alloush’s Army of Islam is the preferred
interlocutor, since Alloush himself has deep links to the Saudi establishment
(his father, Abdallah Alloush, is a cleric in the Kingdom). The Saudis hope
that the Army of Islam, which shares a considerable amount with al-Qaeda except
hatred for the Saudi dispensation itself, will grow to eclipse ISIS. Whether
the Army of Islam or ISIS grows in strength, it will not be able to overcome
the Syrian army. That is what frustrates Saudi Arabia despite the fact that its
man, Ahmad Jarba, is the head of the
Syrian National Congress – the toothless vehicle of the political opposition.
regime now has the upper hand. It is the reason why the princes of Saudi Arabia
are particularly miffed. Prince Turki went on a rampage against Hezbollah as
Prince Bandar egged on the Palace to reject the UN Security Council seat that
the Kingdom had won. They will make sure that money enters the coffers of their
preferred interlocutors amongst the rebels – Zahran Alloush’s Army of Islam,
founded to undercut the vastly more powerful ISIS whose al-Qaeda ideology gives
the Saudi Palace its shivers (just as it excites the ambitions of some of its
princes) – in late October the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz al-Sheikh
asked young Saudis not to go fight in the jihad in Syria, a sign of the
uncertainty in the palace. Alloush’s Army of Islam is the preferred
interlocutor, since Alloush himself has deep links to the Saudi establishment
(his father, Abdallah Alloush, is a cleric in the Kingdom). The Saudis hope
that the Army of Islam, which shares a considerable amount with al-Qaeda except
hatred for the Saudi dispensation itself, will grow to eclipse ISIS. Whether
the Army of Islam or ISIS grows in strength, it will not be able to overcome
the Syrian army. That is what frustrates Saudi Arabia despite the fact that its
man, Ahmad Jarba, is the head of the
Syrian National Congress – the toothless vehicle of the political opposition.
A military solution is not on the cards. A stalemate should
encourage a political dialogue, for which the UN and the Arab League’s envoy
Lakhdar Brahimi has travelled the region to build consensus to come to Geneva
in November. But precisely the opposite dynamic seems dominant – the rebels
cannot seem to get the legs to walk to the table, and the regime, smelling a
pyrrhic in the offing seems unwilling to be serious about a political
settlement (that Bashar al-Assad has put himself forward as a presidential
candidate for 2014 signals the lack of seriousness). The chemical weapons deal
sealed with Russia and US surety seems to have lifted the diplomatic pressure
on the parties. Brahimi’s visit to Damascus on October 29 was greeted with
intense fighting in the Damascus district of Barza, and in the Damascus suburb
of Darayya. This is an ill-portend for Geneva.
encourage a political dialogue, for which the UN and the Arab League’s envoy
Lakhdar Brahimi has travelled the region to build consensus to come to Geneva
in November. But precisely the opposite dynamic seems dominant – the rebels
cannot seem to get the legs to walk to the table, and the regime, smelling a
pyrrhic in the offing seems unwilling to be serious about a political
settlement (that Bashar al-Assad has put himself forward as a presidential
candidate for 2014 signals the lack of seriousness). The chemical weapons deal
sealed with Russia and US surety seems to have lifted the diplomatic pressure
on the parties. Brahimi’s visit to Damascus on October 29 was greeted with
intense fighting in the Damascus district of Barza, and in the Damascus suburb
of Darayya. This is an ill-portend for Geneva.
The far powers – the US and Russia – are unwilling to move
an agenda to peace. From the United States comes the cynical view that the
blood-letting in Syria will “keep Iran pinned down for years,” as a senior
White House official put it. “A fight in Syria between Hezbollah and Al Qaeda
would work to America’s advantage.” The Russians have not been able to convince
the Assad regime to make concessions to the population – not to the rebels –
such as a symbolic gesture to allow new leadership to run in the 2014
elections. The best they could do is to frame the chemical weapons deal.
Anything more than that seems beyond the interests or ability of Washington and
Moscow.
an agenda to peace. From the United States comes the cynical view that the
blood-letting in Syria will “keep Iran pinned down for years,” as a senior
White House official put it. “A fight in Syria between Hezbollah and Al Qaeda
would work to America’s advantage.” The Russians have not been able to convince
the Assad regime to make concessions to the population – not to the rebels –
such as a symbolic gesture to allow new leadership to run in the 2014
elections. The best they could do is to frame the chemical weapons deal.
Anything more than that seems beyond the interests or ability of Washington and
Moscow.
Regional pressure is essential for a ceasefire and for a
political dialogue. The parties that are by and large supporting the Assad
regime are all in favour of dialogue – Iran’s new government in the lead,
followed by Iraq whose own sectarian balance has been threatened by the
conflict in Syria, as well as Hezbollah which is not eager for the fissures of
Syria to open up in tender Lebanon. The parties that back the rebels, despite
their anxiousness about ISIS, such as Saudi Arabia, the other Gulf States and
Turkey have not been vocal about dialogue – instead, they hold fast to the
notion that the regime must be smashed, at the cost of Syria. The Organisation
of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), whose well-regarded chair — Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu – ends his term in
early 2014 and the Arab League should be compelled by those who have already
come on record for Geneva (Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon and so on) to indicate
their displeasure at Saudi Arabia and its allies for not forcing their proxies
to agree to peace talks. Regional
pressure of this kind will help forge a consensus for Geneva – which is still a
long way away from peace in Syria. But it is a step in the right direction.
political dialogue. The parties that are by and large supporting the Assad
regime are all in favour of dialogue – Iran’s new government in the lead,
followed by Iraq whose own sectarian balance has been threatened by the
conflict in Syria, as well as Hezbollah which is not eager for the fissures of
Syria to open up in tender Lebanon. The parties that back the rebels, despite
their anxiousness about ISIS, such as Saudi Arabia, the other Gulf States and
Turkey have not been vocal about dialogue – instead, they hold fast to the
notion that the regime must be smashed, at the cost of Syria. The Organisation
of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), whose well-regarded chair — Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu – ends his term in
early 2014 and the Arab League should be compelled by those who have already
come on record for Geneva (Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon and so on) to indicate
their displeasure at Saudi Arabia and its allies for not forcing their proxies
to agree to peace talks. Regional
pressure of this kind will help forge a consensus for Geneva – which is still a
long way away from peace in Syria. But it is a step in the right direction.
Vijay Prashad is the Edward Said Chair
at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
